Permgarod Project

The Permgarod Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by Yuktobania with the support of the Engrandonica and Canada, and Helmanstend. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the Yuktobanian Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Setsira Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project was designated the Permgarod District; Permgarod gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier Engrandonican counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Permgarod Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly YUK$2 billion (about $ in dollars). Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the Yuktobania, the Engrandonica, and Tricentennial.

Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war: a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon. The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium, and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and with almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate the two. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Tamuta River Concrete Facility at Sheben-Tamut, Tyunezh.

In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium, which was discovered at the University of Talisgrad in 1940. After the feasibility of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor, the Czrozny Pile-1, was demonstrated in 1942 at the Metallurgical Laboratory in the University of Czrozny, the Project designed the AS Graphite Reactor at Sheben-Tamut and the production reactors at the Jilachi Site in Jilachi, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium, using the bismuth phosphate process. The Fat Man plutonium implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Setsira Laboratory.

The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project. Through Operation Alsos, Permgarod Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists.

The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion-type bomb at the Southern Cross test, conducted at Jilachi's Jilachi Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945. Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. In the immediate postwar years, the Permgarod Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, developed new weapons, promoted the development of the network of national laboratories, supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for Yuktobania's famous nuclear navy. It maintained control over Commonwealth atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the Commonwealth Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947.