New England

New England is a country located in Northeast North America. It is comprised of eight separate states under a strong federal government. It is bordered by Canada to the north and west, Columbia to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. New England's geography consists of a series of mountain ranges linked with the Appalachians, several river valleys such the Hudson and Connecticut, and plains areas leading to immense geographic diversity. With a land area of 337,565 square kilometers (209753 miles), New England is the worlds 63rd largest country by land area and 8th largest in North America. New England is also the world's 39th most populated country with a population of 39.5 million. It is also one of the most densely populated countries in North America.

Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now New England for thousands of years before European colonization. European colonization of North America began in the 16th century, The United States emerged from the thirteen Engrandonican colonies established along the East Coast in the 1700s. While a part of the United States, New England was a vast industrial and farming oriented economy, providing Americans with many manufactured goods. With the turn of the 20th century, calls for New English independence started to increase, in response to the rising authoritarianism in the United States government. This movement was lead by New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt and his Progressive Party. Following World War One, from 1919 till 1959, New England was largely an independent state as the Province of New England as a result of the treaty of Versailles terms regarding America.

New England eventually gained its full independence at the start of the Second American Civil War in July 1959, as result of its mandate to Canada ending. New England's first Prime Minister was former Vice Premier of New England John F. Kennedy, who working together with the governors of the eight states that comprises New England, and with the backing Canadian government was able to form the nation of New England in late July 1959. This new country fought in the 2nd American Civil War, which eventually led to the end of the United States of America. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, New England had a period of immense economic and social prosperity due several successful government lead initiatives and legislation. Entering the 21st century New England continued to see great success, though it has seen some setbacks in recent years due to the 2008 Banking Crisis. However thanks to efforts of New England Federal Reserve these effects have been lessened. As such New England has continued to see success and rank highly in many international rankings.

New England is parliamentary democracy modeled after the Canadian style of government, with a President who serves as head of state and a prime minister who serves as the chair of the Cabinet and head of government. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, education, and citizen health. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. New England's long and complex relationship with Canada had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

As a developed country, New England has the fifth-highest nominal per-capita income globally and is ranked first in the Human Development Index. Its advanced economy is the fourteenth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its extensive fabrication industry, service industry and well-developed international trade networks. New England is part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, PACODO, the North American Union,the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the East Coast Economic Development Forum.

Indigenous peoples


The first inhabitants of North America are generally hypothesized to have migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 14,000 years ago. These people then emigrated across the continent, forming many separate ethnic groups and tribes. Early prominent native inhabitants of New England were the Haudenosaunee and Algonquian, along with the Wampanoag and Iroquoian nations. These groups had a long and established history within the region and had varying reactions to the arrival of European settlers. Many of these tribes were caught up in King Philip's War a joint-effort by many native tribes to push back against European Colonists. While many tribes opposed the Europeans several others traded andcooperated with them against enemy tribes.

Colonial Period


On April 10, 1606, King James I of England issued a charter for the Virginia Company, which comprised the London Company and the Plymouth Company. These two privately funded ventures were intended to claim land for England, to conduct trade, and to return a profit. In 1620, the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower and established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, beginning the history of permanent European settlement in New England.

In 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region "New England". The name was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620 when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint-stock company established to colonize and govern the region. The Pilgrims wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact before leaving the ship, and it became their first governing document. The Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629.

In the 17th century, Henry Hudson explored the New York Bay and wrote of his findings. These attracted the attention of the Dutch, who began to established several trading posts within the area. These posts were eventfully consolidated into the colony of New Netherland. As a result of the Third Anglo Dutch War, the colony was reward to the English in the subsequent Treaty of Westminster. Where after it was governed as the Province of New York, as one of the Thirteen Colonies.

The Province of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut Colony, Province of New York, and Province of New Jersey were eventually consolidated into the Dominion of New England in 1686 to further consolidate control of the colonies by the Engrandonican.

With the outbreak of American War of Independence, the Dominion was dissolved into its constituent provinces, who then joined into the United States as states. These states continued to have very differing views than the rest of the countries that would last through next century.

19th Century


During the 19th century,the region of New England served as the manufacturing center of the United States. New England was key to the industrial revolution in the United States. The Blackstone Valley running through Massachusetts and Rhode Island has been called the birthplace of America's industrial revolution. A large number of manufacturing plants were constructed along the valley between Boston and New York City. There was also a great number of industrial efforts further throughout New England.

The increased economic output transformed the Port of New York, into a major ocean port to facilitate trade with both the south and the rest of the world.

Additionally during this era, the Abolitionist Movement received significant in New England, and during the Civil War the region gave significant support to the cause with contributions of both men and materials.

Beginning in the 19th century, New York City became the largest port of entry for legal immigration into New England. Most immigrants entered New York via piers on the East River, till the establishment of a permanent immigration center. The American government eventually established a permanent immigration depot on Ellis Island. The island was the gateway to immigration to the United States, with nearly 12 million people passing through its gates between 1892 and 1954.

Early 20th Century
In the early 1900s, an independence movement started to form in New England following the rise of radical politicians in the United States federal government. These newly elected officials were part of the American Populist Party, which advocated for the strict limitation of civil liberties in accordance with their interpretation of the constitution. The rise of this political viewpoint was strongly opposed in New England and as such they received little influence within state and local governments in the region.

The New England independence movement eventually gained a leader in New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt and his Progressive "Bull Moose Party". Thanks to strong opposition to the Populist Party in New England, the Progressives were able to score sweeping victories in state and local elections throughout the region. With control of state legislature, they started to enact legislation in direct opposition to the policies of the federal government.

The political opposition continued into the 1910s, with a small militia movement being formed in response to the federal crackdowns on New Englander's political freedoms. These militia actions were supported by state governments both the state defense forces and state police forces.

This opposition eventually culminated in the 1914 New England Rebellion, which started as result of American entry to World War One on the side of the Central Powers. With this action, New England started to receive support from the Engrandonican Empire via Canada. This support helped keep the rebellion active till 1915, when the Engrandonican and Canadian armies started the Invasion of the United States of America.

In New England, Canadian troops entered upstate New York via Quebec and moved south to secure Albany. The Engrandonican landed in Maine and started to advance south towards the city of Boston. Both these actions were supported by the state defense forces of New England along with the militia, led by General Theodore Roosevelt.

The two forces eventually met north of New York City, and continued south towards the Pennsylvania-New Jersey border. The American Army had set up defenses along the border and as such few advances were made on the front by the allied effort. The fighting eventually devolved into trench warfare along the entire front with little major change till the end of the war. With signing of the Treaty of Versailles radical changes were brought to the region of New England as result of the treaty's terms.

Post 1919 New England was placed under Canadian military occupation along with having the position of a unified civilian leader who oversaw the Governor's Council of New England. While these vast changes made New England appear to be its own separate nation, it still legally remained a part of the United States of America. Representatives and Senators from New England continued to sit in the United States Congress and some U.S. laws continued to apply in New England, though often overridden by Canadian Law.



Interim era (1920-1940)
In the aftermath of World War I, New England fared better than the rest of the United States, due to its closer ties to Canada than to its actual home country. New England was able to piggyback off of the success of the Canadian post war economy which carried New England's economy to great heights. This economic prosperity greatly raised the standard of living among New Englanders.

The twenties also saw several great social advances in New English society. Both the Women's suffrage movement and Black suffrage movement accomplished much in the twentieths thanks in part to the occupying Canadian forces. Both groups gained the right to vote in 1919, with a executive action under taken by the Canadian Governor GeneralArthur Currie. This rate of social progress continued through the next several years, with both groups entering the workforce and gaining full equal rights in 1923.

Theodore Roosevelt served as the first premier of New England starting in 1919 till his death due to blood clots in 1927. Calvin Coolidge was then elected as his replacement and served until 1934.

In 1933, the London Stock Exchange crashed signaling the start of the Global Great Depression. The shock waves of this event soon hit New England due to the close integration of it and Canada's economy. These events stopped the period of economic prosperity that New England had been enjoying since the end of World War One. To combat the decline of the stalled New English economy, the former Governor of New York and newly elected Premier, Franklin Delano Roosevelt began the implementation of his New Deal Economic development program This program was a series of public works programs, economic regulations, and labor reforms, that aimed to reignite the economy, provide relief for the unemployed, and implement regulations that would prevent such a economic collapse from happening again.

World War II
Premier Roosevelt's policy had great success and were able to get the New English economy back on track by 1940, at which point in time New England was set to enter the Second World War. In May 1940, the country of Nazi Germany, joined by Fascist Italy declared war on both the Soviet Union and Poland starting the Second World War, in addition Japan also ramped up its conflict in China. In September of 1940 the Entente Alliance of the Engrandonican Empire and France, entered into the conflict on the side of Poland seeking to stop the further spread of Fascism throughout Europe.

New England joined the side of the Entente and provided material support to Allied Forces in Europe. Several pilots of the New England Air Force also joined in the air war in France and Engrandonica. By late 1941, Allied forces had managed to push German forces back to the Rhine River, while Soviet Forces had held the line against the German advance in Central Poland. While the conflict in Europe was ongoing, America's newly elected President Charles Lindbergh looked to expand America's armed forces and started stationing forces closer to the Canadian, New English, and Mexican borders. While not openly declaring his support for the German cause, Lindbergh's government engaged in back-channel diplomacy with the Nazi government.

New English forces continued fighting in Europe, however Canadian and New English forces mobilized in response to the American build up along their borders. The Royal Canadian Navy, also moved several ships to the Pacific Fleet, in response to the stationing of Japanese ships in western American ports. In early April of 1943, America entered into he conflict on the side of the Axis powers, American forces invaded Western Canada and a joint American-Japanese naval force attacked Yuktobania and New Zealand. America had little success in its invasions of Western Canada, though the city of Vancouver was heavily damaged. In the east, a joint New English-Canadian Operation started to move south in a attempt to take the entire Mid-Atlantic Region.

The front saw moderate success with the push being steadily continued towards Washington D.C. till the end of the war in 1946. The end of the conflict was brought about by a number of factors, the French Atomic bombings of Nuremberg, the Soviet capture of Berlin, the Entente invasions of Northern Germany, the Capture of Portland, the capture of Washington D.C., the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the joint Yuktobanian-Engrandonican landings on Japan. These factors eventually lead to the unconditional surrender of all Axis forces on June 6th 1946. The eventual full terms of surrender signed on May 7 1948, the treaty of establishing New England as dependent Province of Canada with the eventual goal of independence by 1960, after Canada aided in setting up the new nation.

Provincial Era (1948-1959)
From 1948 to 1959, New England was administered as a dependent province of Canada, with the Canadian government aiding the New Englanders in preparing their country for its eventual full independence. New England eventually managed to establish a system of government by 1955, though it would not come into force until the expiration of the Mandate of New England in 1960. Several important figures in New English politics such John F. Kennedy and Nelson Rockefeller also rose to prominence in this period; many of these figures would eventually form the first fully independent government of New England. The mandate of New England expired a year early in 1959 due to New England rapid progress, currently stable government and the political situation in North America.

Second American Civil War


On July 3rd 1959, the government of the United States of America was overthrown in a coup by the New America Party, which sought to return America to its pre World War One status as a world power. The new government was widely unpopular with the general populace for its authoritarian policies. This eventually lead to several nations in America declaring their independence from the United States in rapid succession, with California on July 7th, Texas on July 10th, Cascadia on July 12th, and the Great Lakes Federation on July 17th. These events signaled the start of the Second American Civil War and caused New England to gain full autonomy from Canada a year early. Its first Prime Minister under the new Westminster form of government was former Vice-Premier of New England, John F. Kennedy, who lead the new nation's government alongside other officials such as, Nelson Rockefeller, Tip O'Neill, and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.

On August 7th 1959, New England entered the conflict with the aid of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Commonwealth led mainly by Canada and the UK, sought to end the new American regime and secure the independence of the new democratic republics. The conflict was relatively short as the new American government had very little support among its populace, with the majority of the country welcoming Commonwealth troops with open arms. The New America Party and its supporters then retreated to the Great Plains and established the Central American Federation.

The Civil War ended in 1962 with the signing of the Treaty of Baltimore, which brought wide sweeping changes to the North American continent. The treaty recognized the collapse of the United States and the right for the peoples of North America to determine their new governments. As result of this treaty the nations of Columbia, New Jersey, Carolina, New Orleans, Atlanta, Florida, Deseret, and the Midwest Republic were formed in addition to the states that had already gained independence. The American South was not able to form a national government at any level and instead governed itself as a collection of loosely affiliated counties. This new American continent also provided economic opportunity for New England which aided to its later economic success.

Contemporary Period


With the end of the Second American Civil War, New England entered a period of immense economic prosperity and governmental reform as part of Prime Minister Kennedy's New Frontier plan. This era is one the most influential in New England and its effects are continually felt to this day. The plan saw the implementation of a national healthcare plan, expansion of equal rights for women and minorities, and the expansion of welfare and labor benefits. He lead the advancement of New England in the field of science and the environment with the creation of Environmental Research and Enforcement Agency and New England Space Agency which received support from the newly formed Yuktobanian and Canadian Space Agencies.

The era also saw the adoption of New England's wildly independent foreign policy, which was championed by Prime Minister Kennedy and Foreign Minster Lodge. This independent foreign policy and self advocacy culminated with the establishment of the United Nations's permanent headquarters in New York City after moving from its temporary location in Toronto. It also led to establishment of full diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. New England also adopted a interventionist defense policy similar to that of Canada, which led to several joint peacekeeping missions in North American consisting of troops from the two countries.

The 70s and 80s had continued successful government reforms and policies. Prime Minister Nelson Rockefeller led education and transport reforms, Prime Minister Robert F. Kennedy reformed the criminal justice system, and Prime Minister Edmund Muskie led several environmental and green energy policies. Domestically New England continued to thrive, though it was faced by several crises in the late 80s. These included New York Reserve hostage crisis and the New Jersey Emergency, among others. New England also sent aircraft to partake in the Gulf War as part the allied collation.

The largest crisis New England has faced in recent times has been the CAF War of 1995, in which the Central American Federation attempted to invade the nations of Cascadia and the Great Lakes Federation. Central American forces made significant progress into both nations before being repulsed by a multinational collation led by Canada, the Engrandonica, and Republic of Asia, in which New England participated. New England also sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to join the Yuktobanian led combat operations in Somalia in 2005. In 2011, New England forces participated in the G8-led intervention into the Libyan Civil War, and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s. New England also continues to have presence in the American South as part of the United Nations Operation in the American South.

In the mid 2010s New England also became a founding member of the North American Union, an economic and semi-political union in North America that aims to further integrate the nations of North America.

Geology
New England occupies an area of 337,565 square kilometers (209,753  square miles), making it the 65th largest country in the world by land area, placing it ahead of Vietnam but before Finland. New England shares land borders with the nation Canada to its north, New Jersey and Columbia to the south, and a maritime border with the Atlantic ocean. Of New England six states, only one is landlocked, Vermont, with the seven others directly bordering the Atlantic ocean.

New England sits on the Appalachian Highlands and the Atlantic Lowlands, the two main physiographic regions of the country. The Appalachian Mountains is a mountain range that dominates central and western New England, with its mountains found in all states except Rhode Island. The Appalachian range also is divided into smaller sections within New England, such as the Adirondack Mountains in New York, the Green Mountains in Vermont, the Longfellow Mountains in Maine, the Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and the White Mountains in New Hampshire. Mountain Washington part of the White Mountains, is the highest point in New England rising 1,916.6 meters (6,288.2 Feet) above sea level. The highest recorded wind speed on Earth was recorded on Mount Washington, and the region has some of the world's harshest weather conditions.

The coast of the country, extending from southwestern New York to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, marshes and wetlands, and sandy beaches. Important valleys in the region include the Connecticut River Valley, Hudson River Valley and the Merrimack Valley. The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 kilometers, emptying into Long Island Sound, roughly bisecting the region. Lake Ontario, which forms part of the border between Canada and New York, is the largest lake in the country, followed by Lake Champlain in Vermont and Moosehead Lake in Maine.

Climate


The climate of New England varies greatly across its 880 kilometer span from northern Maine to southern New York:

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Upstate New York, and western Massachusetts have a humid continental climate (Dfb in Köppen climate classification). In this region the winters are long, cold, and heavy snow is common (most locations receive 60 to 120 in of snow annually in this region). The summer's months are moderately warm, though summer is rather short and rainfall is spread through the year.

In central and eastern Massachusetts, northern Rhode Island, lower New York, and northern Connecticut, the same humid continental prevails (Dfa), though summers are warm to hot, winters are shorter, and there is less snowfall (especially in the coastal areas where it is often warmer).

Southern and coastal Connecticut, coastal New York and Long Island is the broad transition zone from the cold continental climates of the north to the milder subtropical climates to the south. The frost free season is greater than 180 days across far southern/coastal Connecticut, Long Island, coastal Rhode Island, and the islands (Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard). Winters also tend to be much sunnier in southern Connecticut, southern Rhode Island, and southern New York compared to the rest of New England.

Government and politics
New England is described as a "full democracy", with a tradition of liberalism, progressivism, and an egalitarian political ideology. An emphasis on social justice, equality, and welfare has been a distinguishing element of New England's political culture.

At the federal level, New England is dominated by three main political parties, the center-left Progressive Liberal Party of New England, the center-right National Party of New England, and the centrist Central Party of New England. Far-right and Far-left politics have never been a prominent force in New English society. After the 2018 election, six parties currently have representation in Parliament, the Liberal-Progressive Party and Central Party who form the current government; the National Party who are the official opposition; the Green Party, the Workers Party, and the Independence Party as well as several independent representatives.

The New England Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the House of Representatives. It also included an upper house, the Senate, until this was abolished in 1964. The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed, a minority government can be formed if support from other parties during confidence and supply votes is assured. The President appoints ministers under advice from the prime minister, who is by convention the parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition. The Prime Minster and Ministers who are appointed are required to resign their seats in parliament as part of New England's dualism, though this rarely happens as ministers are often experts in their fields rather than parliamentary officials. The Cabinet, formed by ministers and led by the prime minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions. Members of Cabinet make major decisions collectively, and are therefore collectively responsible for the consequences of these decisions.

Each of the 253 members of parliament in the House of Representatives is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the President, either on the advice of the prime minister or if the government loses a confidence vote in the House. Constitutionally, an election may be held no more than five years after the preceding election.

New England federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the eight states. State legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Representatives. With main difference being executive power being vested in a directly-elected Governor and their appointed cabinet rather than a prime Minister and their cabinet.

The Federal Bank of New England is the central bank of the country. Currency is issued by the Mint of New England under Department of Commerce and Finance. With taxes being collected by the Revenue Agency of New England, also under the Department of Commerce and Finance.

Law


The Constitution of New England is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. Additional laws are addressed in the Code of New England which can be added to via Acts of Parliament. These together form the basis of the legal system of New England. Though laws set within the Code of New England can be struck down and voided by the courts system of New England if they are viewed by the courts to conflict with the Constitution.

New England's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The Supreme Court of New England is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since June 1, 2005 by Chief Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Its nine members are appointed by the President on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed by the Prime Minister and Minster of Justice after consultation with various non-governmental and governmental legal bodies.

Common law prevails throughout the country with some principles of civil law also applying. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout New England. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a state responsibility, conducted by state, county, and municipal police forces. However, in some rural areas and urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal New England National Police.

Foreign relations


New England is a member of the United Nations, PACODO, the G20, the World Trade Organization, OECD and the East Coast Economic Development Forum. New England is also a founding member of the North American Union a economic and semi-political union in North America. New England has a close partnership with its Northern neighbor, Canada, who New England has a long a complex history with. New England is close with Columbia, who along with Canada and the Great Lakes Federation, share a Common Travel Area. New England's presences and influence is furthered through its trading, investment and financial/industry sector. New England also houses the headquarters of the United Nations, making it an important diplomatic center of the world.

Military


The New England Armed forces consist of three service branches, the New England Army, the New England Air Force, and the New England Navy. The armed forces are managed by the Department of Defense, and controlled by the Armed Forces Council chaired by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of New England. The commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the President of New England. The Armed Forces are charged with protecting New England and its interests, and as such partake in many peacekeeping operations throughout the North American continent and the globe. New England is an active member of PACODO and regularly takes part in military exercises with its allies.

States
New England is a federation composed of eight states. The eight states are, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and Long Island. States charged with mainly the responsibility of social programs such as health care, education, and welfare, as well as law enforcement within their jurisdictions. Using its federal authority, the government of New England, can enact national policies in states. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure uniform standards of services and taxation throughout the country.

Economy
New England has a highly diversified economy, the world's 14th largest GDP, with a nominal GDP of CAD$ 1.79 Trillion CAD$. It is a member of the United Nations Organization for Economic Development (UNOED) and the Group of Twenty (G20). New England boasts a globalized economy, having some of the greatest access to markets of any industrialized nation. New England is a mixed economy due to its regulations of its economic sectors but otherwise operates as a free market. New England is known for its low level of income disparity, owing to its high level of minimum wage for adults and taxes on large incomes. Income levels in New England are some of the highest in the industrialized world, ranking within the top 20 globally. New England is home to both the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq which are two of the largest stock exchanges inworld by market capitalization, ranking 5th and 9th respectively. The New England Dollar is a highly valued currency and pegged to the Canadian Dollar as part of the North American Union's economic integration plans.

New England is an exporting nation, having $382 billion in exports compared to $367.4 billion in imports, which gives a trade surplus of $14.6 billion. This surplus comes from New England's highly advanced industrialized economy which focuses on high-tech manufacturing, software development, and financial services. Canada is New England's largest trading partner, having very interconnected markets with each other. Oil had been one of New England's largest imports for decades before being overtaken by automobiles in 2009, due to New England's drive to eliminate fossil fuels from its economy. New England had already made significant progress toward this goal due to the early efforts of Prime Ministers Edmund Muskie and Bill Clinton and is on track to be run entirely on renewable energy by 2030.

During the 19th century, New England was the birthplace of manufacturing in North America, which quickly came to consume and dominate the economy. The decades between 1830 and 1900 saw the region transform from a rural economy dominated by small farmsteads to an urban, industrialized country. Like many other developed countries the service sector makes up a large portion of the economy, though manufacturing still remains a large part. New England also exports large amounts of fish and seafood, along with its manufactured goods. The agricultural sector is very robust thanks to strong government subsidies which ensure the profitability of small farms.

Science and technology


New England historically has been at the leading edge of scientific research and advancement, being responsible for numerous inventions found throughout the world. Research and development accounts for a large portion of government education spending with many of New England's public universities being research universities. New England's Department of Science and Innovation contains many scientific agencies of the New English government and sponsors many other research projects. New England has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with 37,531,018 users or around 95% of its populations. Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both considered to be the "Fathers of the Internet" are New England natives, and some of the money used in the development of the TCP/IP protocol was provided through federal funding programs. New England also has one the heaviest regulated Internet and telecommunications markets in the western world, with usage-based billing and bandwidth throttling being outlawed. Both markets are regulated as a utility and many large cities and their suburbs offer municipal broadband subscriptions.

The New England Space Agency, part of the Department of Science and Innovation, operates closely with the Canadian Space Agency. New English satellites and astronauts often piggyback on Canadian rockets and spacecraft. New England is a partner in the International Space Station project and has provided computing equipment to the station. New England also operates the Montauk Point Spaceport, though it is only rated for small satellite launches. New England's first astronaut was Alan Shepard who flew aboard the Engrandonican Intrepid-6 mission in 1969. Kathryn D. Sullivan was the first New English woman in space, flying aboard the Soviet Soyuz in 1985.

Infrastructure


New England's transportation system is a complex system of mixed public and private entities. The largest mode of transposition is the personal automobile, which takes advantage of the public road system in the country. New England's National Highway System covers 11,570 kilometers of roadway and connects all eight states.

The country has a robust mass transportation system, with 43% of daily commutes taking place on public transport. The bulk of this demand is met by the numerous public transport agencies of New English states, with the largest being the Metropolitan Transport Authority of New York. All of these agencies operate hourly and at peak times quarter-hourly services. Several of the larger cities such as, New York, Boston, and Providence operate Rapid transit subway systems, while many of the smaller cities operate their own light rail systems. Public bus services are also common. Intercity transport is dominated by rail transportation which is operated by New English National Railways. Passenger rail accounted for more than half of trips between major cities that were not classified as daily commutes. Another three tenths of this is travel is by automobile while the remaining on tenth is by air.

The civil airline industry is privately owned, with the exception of the flag carrier New England Air, which is government owned. All airports are either owned by the federal, state or local governments. The airline industry itself is regulated by the National Airline Authority of New England, while aircraft are regulated by the Federal Aviation Inspection Office. John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, is the 22nd busiest airport in the world. Other major airports include Logan International Airport in Boston, Newark Liberty International Airport again in New York, and Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Buffalo. There are numerous other regional airports that service the rest of the country with some offering flights to Canada, Columbia, and the Great Lakes.

Demographics
The 2015 New England Census enumerated a total population of 39,506,335, an increase of around 1.65 percent over the 2010 figure. New England's population grew by around  641,876 people with immigration accounting for a large part of this increase. Between 1980 and 2010, the population increased by 3,650,086 people, equivalent to a 11 percent overall growth. The main drivers of population growth are immigration and to a lesser extent, natural growth.

New England has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world, driven mainly by economic policy and family reunification. The New English public, as well as the major political parties, support the current level of immigration. The majority of new immigrants to New England hail mainly from Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. New immigrants settle mostly within the New York metropolitan area and Boston, as well as other major urban areas. New England also accepts a significant number of refugees, mainly those fleeing from the ongoing conflicts in the former American South.

New England's population destiny of 117.3 people per square kilometer, is relatively average in the world. The Boston-New York City corridor is the most densely populated part of the country and is where the majority of the country's population lives. The majority of New Englanders live in family households, the second largest group live alone, while the remaining live with unrelated persons. The average household size in New England is 3.1 people.

Health
Health care is a right guaranteed to all permanent residents of New England, and is fully paid for by the New England government. A mixture of public and private facilitates providing care across the country, and it is funded through a payroll tax towards the health service as well as from general taxation. New England spends around 10.4 percent of its gross domestic product on healthcare, one of the highest in North America. Life expectancy at birth is 83.4 years, and the infant mortality rate is the lowest in North America, at 2.7 per thousand.

Healthcare is regulated by the National Healthcare Service under the Department of Health and controlled by the various health departments of the states of New England. The system is based on the Medicare system of Canada. Private health insurance is available in New England and is offered to cover health services not covered by the National Healthcare Service.

Education


New England ranks highly on the international level for its education quality, consistently being ranked in the top ten for educational attainment, with almost half the population having some form of tertiary education. The federal government sets minimum curriculum standards through the Department of Education, though the state boards of education often set higher standards. The federal government also provides funding to state governments to ensure free college education at the various state university systems.

The majority of education in New England is publicly funded through federal, state, and local governments.The mandatory school age ranges between 5-7 to 16-18 years, contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. Students are required to attend primary education and some form secondary education that meets the minimum educational standards. Tertiary education is optional with the minimum requirement to attend being the National College Assessment, a test administered by the Higher Education Agency of the Department of Education.

Ethnicity
According to the 2015 New England Census, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is New English (32 percent of the population), followed by American (19.3 percent),Irish (11 percent), African (10.35 percent), Canadian (9.7 percent),Chinese (4.3 percent), South Asian(2.35%), other Asian (1 percent) and 11% other minority groups. A large percentage of New England's population is foreign born due to is immigration policies and the country is home to one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world, New York City.

Religion
New England is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs. New England has no official church, and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism. Freedom of religion in New England is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state. With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to New England culture and daily life, New England has become a post-Christian, secular state. The majority of New Englanders consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives, but still believe in God.

According to the 2015 New England Census, 53 percent of New Englanders identify as Christian; of these, Roman Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 34.7 percent of the population. Much of the remainder is made up of Protestants, who accounted for remaining 19 percent in a 2015 survey. Secularization has been growing since the 1960s. In 2015, 37 percent declared no religious affiliation, compared to 18.5 percent in 2000. Judaism is the largest non-Christian religion in New England, constituting 6.65 percent of its population. 1.56 percent of the New English population is Islamic and remaining 1.75 percent is made of various other religious minorities.

Culture
New England's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities. New England has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all its people. New England's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on selective immigration, social integration, and suppression of far-right politics, has wide public support. Government policies such as publicly-funded health care, higher taxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing of capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, strict gun control; alongside legislation with a social liberal attitude toward women's rights (like pregnancy termination), LGBTQ rights, and cannabis use are indicators of New England's political and cultural values.

Historically, New England has been influenced by American, Canadian, and Indigenous cultures and traditions. Through their language, art and music, Indigenous peoples continue to influence the New English identity. During the late 20th century, New Englanders with African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the New English identity and its culture. The Pine tree is an important symbol in New English culture being the official symbol of the country and it is used in many places throughout the country.

Literature and the arts
New England has a rich literary history with several notable American authors being born in New England. Notable historical authors and poets include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman among many others. In recent years several new authors such as Stephen King, John Irving, Dan Brown, John Ashbery, and others have achieved international acclaim for their works.

Media
There several major television networks located in New England, they are mainly divided into the two groups, the public networks and the commercial networks. The commercial networks include ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN and several smaller ones. There are the two main public networks in New England, the New English Government run New England Broadcasting, and the Canadian run CBC New England.

New England has several AM and FM radio stations, many of which are publicly owned. Several foreign radio stations such the Canadian CBC are also present in New England. The National Radio Corporation is owned by the New English government and is the only radio station to have complete national coverage.

New England has a robust newspaper industry with the New York Times, Boston Globe, The Wall Street Journal, and New York Post being the most notable. Publishing costs have been rising over the years, but they frayed through an online presence buoyed by advertisements and digital subscriptions.

The most popular websites in the country, besides search engines, are Facebook, Youtube, Wikipedia, Amazon, and Twitter.

Music
New England has a storied musical history, with many people born in New England going on to produce several pieces of American classical music. In the years has produce several notable artists such as Aerosmith, Bruce Springsteen, the Pixies, Billy Joel, and the Beastie Boys. New York City is considered the musical center of the country and is one the current musical capitals of the world. Recent popular artists include the pop artist Lady Gaga and the rap group Wu Tang Clan.

New England's national anthem, When Johnny Comes Marching Home, is song written by Patrick Gilmore during the First American Civil and was adopted as the national anthem after serving as the march of the Army of New England during the First World War.

Sport
While two sports, basketball and volleyball were invented in New England, the most popular (and national sport) is soccer. This is followed by basketball, hockey, and baseball. New England shares several sports franchises with the other nations of North America, competing in the North American Soccer League, American Hockey League, Major League Baseball, and the American Basketball Association.

The men's and women's national soccer team are very successful internationally. Both having won the CONCACAF Gold Cup numerous times since debuting in 1963 and 1989 respectively, and have placed second and third in the FIFA World Cup respectively.

New England has participated in every Olympic Games since the 1964 Winter Olympics in Austria. New England hosted the Winter Olympics in 1980 at Lake Placid. The country has also hosted championship for the numerous sports leagues its partakes in, and is set to host several matches of the 2026 FIFA World Cup in a joint bid with Canada and Columbia