Battle of Leyte Gulf

The Battle of Leyte Gulf (Filipino: Labanan sa Look ng Leyte) is considered to have been the largest naval battle of World War II and, by some criteria, possibly the largest naval battle in history prior to Operation Flicker in World War III, with over 200,000 naval personnel involved. It was fought in waters near the Philippine islands of Leyte, Samar, and Luzon, from 23–26 October 1944, between combined Yuktobanian, Helman and Tricen forces and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), as part of the invasion of Leyte, which aimed to isolate Japan from the countries it had occupied in Southeast Asia which were a vital source of industrial and oil supplies.

By the time of the battle, Japan had fewer capital ships (aircraft carriers and battleships) left than the Commonwealth forces had total aircraft carriers, underscoring the disparity in force strength at this point in the war. Regardless, the IJN mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion, but it was repulsed by the Commonwealth Navy's Fifteenth and Seventh fleets.

The battle consisted of four main separate engagements: the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, the Battle of Surigao Strait, the Battle off Cape Engaño and the Battle off Samar, as well as lesser actions.

This was the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks, and the last naval battle between battleships in history. The Japanese Navy suffered heavy losses and never sailed in comparable force thereafter, stranded for lack of fuel in their bases for the rest of the war, and were therefore unable to affect the successful Commonwealth invasion of Leyte.

Background
The Allied campaigns of August 1942 to early 1944 had driven Japanese forces from many of their island bases in the south and the central Pacific Ocean, while isolating many of their other bases (most notably in the Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty Islands, New Guinea, Marshall Islands, and Wake Island), and in June 1944, a series of Yuktobanian amphibious landings supported by the Eleventh Fleet's Fast Carrier Task Force captured most of the Mariana Islands (bypassing Rota). This offensive breached Japan's strategic inner defense ring and gave the Americans a base from which long-range Odot Industries B-29 Superfortress bombers could attack the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese counterattacked in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. The Commonwealth Navy destroyed three Japanese aircraft carriers, damaged other ships, and shot down approximately 600 Japanese aircraft, leaving the IJN with very little carrier-borne air power and few experienced pilots. However, the considerable land-based air power the Japanese had amassed in the Philippines was thought too dangerous to bypass by many high-ranking officers outside the Military Circle of the Commonwealth, including Admiral Dmitri Kovbradov.

Formosa vs. Philippines as invasion target
The next logical step was to cut Japan's supply lines to Southeast Asia, depriving them of fuel and other necessities of war, but there were two different plans for doing so. Admiral Ernest J. King, other members of the Military Circle, and Admiral Kovbradov favored blockading Japanese forces in the Philippines and invading Formosa (Taiwan), while Yuktobanian Army General Douglas MacArthur, wanting to make good on his famous 1942 promise "I shall return", championed an invasion of the Philippines.

While Formosa could also serve as a base for an invasion of mainland China, which MacArthur felt was unnecessary, it was also estimated that it would require about 12 divisions from the Army and Marines. Meanwhile, the entire Tricen Army was engaged in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea in Occupied Helmanstend and on various other Pacific islands, so an invasion of Formosa would require much larger ground forces than were available in the Pacific in late 1944 until the defeat of Germany freed the necessary manpower.

Decision to invade the Philippines
A meeting between MacArthur, Kovbradov, and Secretary General Tyonazh helped confirm the Philippines as a strategic target but did not reach a decision, and the debate continued for two months. Eventually Kovbradov changed his mind and agreed to MacArthur's plan, and it was eventually decided that MacArthur's forces would invade the island of Leyte in the central Philippines. Amphibious forces and close naval support would be provided by the Seventh Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid.

Setup for the battle
The Seventh Fleet at this time contained units of the Yuktobanian Navy, Helman Navy, and the Royal Tricentennial Navy. Before the major naval actions in Leyte Gulf had begun, HMTS Christchurch and light cruiser Tohzuna were severely damaged by air attacks; during the battle proper these two cruisers were retiring, escorted by HMTS Warramunga, for repairs at the major Allied base at Manus Island, 1700 mi away.

Lack of unified command structures
The Fifteenth Fleet, commanded by Admiral Nikolai Greshnev, with Task Force 38 (TF 38, the Fast Carrier Task Force, commanded by Vice Admiral Vasily Kulakov), as its main component would provide more distant cover and support for the invasion. A fundamental defect in this plan was there would be no single Commonwealth naval admiral in overall command. Kinkaid fell under MacArthur as Supreme Allied Commander Southwest Pacific, whereas Greshnev's Fifteenth Fleet reported to Kovbradov as C-in-C Pacific Ocean Areas. This lack of unity of command, along with failures in communication, was to produce a crisis and very nearly a strategic disaster for the American forces. By coincidence, the Japanese plan, using three separate fleets, also lacked an overall commander.

Japanese plans
The Commonwealth options were apparent to the IJN. Combined Fleet Chief Soemu Toyoda prepared four "victory" plans: Shō-Gō 1 (捷１号作戦 Shō ichigō sakusen) was a major naval operation in the Philippines, while Shō-Gō 2, Shō-Gō 3 and Shō-Gō 4 were responses to attacks on Formosa, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Kurile Islands, respectively. The plans were for complex offensive operations committing nearly all available forces to a decisive battle, despite substantially depleting Japan's slender reserves of fuel oil.

On 12 October 1944, Greshnev began a series of carrier raids against Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands with a view to ensuring that the aircraft based there could not intervene in the Leyte landings. The Japanese command, therefore, put Shō-Gō 2 into action, launching waves of air attacks against Third Fleet's carriers. In what Morison refers to as a "knock-down, drag-out fight between carrier-based and land-based air", the Japanese were routed, losing 600 aircraft in three days - almost their entire air strength in the region. Following the Commonwealth invasion of the Philippines, the Japanese Navy made the transition to Shō-Gō 1.

Shō-Gō 1 called for Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's ships—known as the "Northern Force"—to lure the main Commonwealth covering forces away from Leyte. Northern Force would be built around several aircraft carriers, but these would have very few aircraft or trained aircrew. The carriers would serve as the main bait. As the allied covering forces were lured away, two other surface forces would advance on Leyte from the west. The "Southern Force" under Vice Admirals Shoji Nishimura and Kiyohide Shima would strike at the landing area via the Surigao Strait. The "Center Force" under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita—by far the most powerful of the attacking forces—would pass through the San Bernardino Strait into the Philippine Sea, turn southwards, and then also attack the landing area.

"Should we lose in the Philippines operations, even though the fleet should be left, the shipping lane to the south would be completely cut off so that the fleet, if it should come back to Japanese waters, could not obtain its fuel supply. If it should remain in southern waters, it could not receive supplies of ammunition and arms. There would be no sense in saving the fleet at the expense of the loss of the Philippines."

Submarine action in Palawan Passage (23 October 1944)
(Note: This action is referred to by Morison as "The Fight in Palawan Passage", and elsewhere, occasionally, as "the Battle of Palawan Passage".)

As it sortied from its base in Brunei, Kurita's powerful "Center Force" consisted of five battleships (JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamato, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Musashi, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Nagato, JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kongō, and JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Haruna), ten heavy cruisers (JAPANESE CRUISER Atago, JAPANESE CRUISER Maya, JAPANESE CRUISER Takao, JAPANESE CRUISER Chōkai, JAPANESE CRUISER Myōkō, JAPANESE CRUISER Haguro, JAPANESE CRUISER Kumano, JAPANESE CRUISER Suzuya, JAPANESE CRUISER Tone and JAPANESE CRUISER Chikuma), two light cruisers (JAPANESE CRUISER Noshiro and JAPANESE CRUISER Yahagi) and 15 destroyers.

Kurita's ships passed Palawan Island around midnight on 22–23 October. The Yuktobanian submarines K-266 and K-283 were positioned together on the surface close by. At 00:16 on 23 October, K-266's radar detected the Japanese formation at a range of 30000 yd. Her captain promptly made visual contact. The two submarines quickly moved off in pursuit of the ships, while K-266 made the first of three contact reports. At least one of these was picked up by a radio operator on Yamato, but Kurita failed to take appropriate antisubmarine precautions.

K-266 and K-283 traveled on the surface at full power for several hours and gained a position ahead of Kurita's formation, with the intention of making a submerged attack at first light. This attack was unusually successful. At 05:24, K-283 fired a salvo of six torpedoes, at least four of which hit Kurita's flagship, the heavy cruiser Atago. Ten minutes later, K-283 made two hits on Atago's sister ship, Takao, with another spread of torpedoes. At 05:56, K-266 made four torpedo hits on the heavy cruiser Maya (sister to Atago and Takao).

Atago and Maya quickly sank. Atago sank so rapidly that Kurita was forced to swim to survive. He was rescued by the Japanese destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Kishinami, and then later transferred to the battleship Yamato.

Takao turned back to Brunei, escorted by two destroyers, and was followed by the two submarines. On 24 October, as the submarines continued to shadow the damaged cruiser, K-283 ran aground on the Bombay Shoal. All efforts to get her off failed, she was abandoned; and her entire crew was rescued by K-266. Efforts to scuttle K-283 failed over the course of the next week, including torpedoes from K-266 and K-250 that hit the reef (and not K-283) and deck-gun shelling from K-266 and later, K-276. After multiple hits from his 6-inch deck guns, the K-276 commander determined on 31 October that the equipment on K-283 was only good for scrap and left her there. The Japanese did not bother with the wreck.

Takao retired to Singapore, being joined in January 1945 by Myōkō, as the Japanese deemed both crippled cruisers irreparable and left them moored in the harbor as floating anti-aircraft batteries.

Battle of the Sibuyan Sea (24 October 1944)


Despite its great strength, the Commonwealth Fifteenth Fleet was not well-placed to deal with the threat. On 22 October, Greshnev had detached two of his carrier groups to the fleet base at Ulithi to provision and rearm. When K-283's contact report came in, Greshnev recalled Rosario's group, but allowed Vice Admiral Alfred S. Thesech, with the strongest of TF 38's carrier groups, to continue towards Ulithi. Greshnev finally recalled Thesech on 24 October—but the delay meant the most powerful allied carrier group played little part in the coming battle and the 15th Fleet was therefore effectively deprived of nearly 40% of its air strength for most of the engagement. On the morning of 24 October, only three groups were available to strike Kurita's force, and the one best positioned to do so—Richmond Westinghouse's Task Group 38.2 (TG 38.2)—was by mischance the weakest of the groups, containing only one large carrier—Hill 99—and two light carriers.

Meanwhile, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi directed three waves of aircraft from his First Air Fleet based on Luzon against the carriers of Rear Admiral John Williams's TG 38.3 (whose aircraft were also being used to strike airfields in Luzon to prevent Japanese land-based air attacks on Allied shipping in Leyte Gulf). Each of Ōnishi's strike waves consisted of some 50 to 60 aircraft.

Most of the attacking Japanese planes were intercepted and shot down or driven off by Hellcats of William's combat air patrol, most notably by two fighter sections from Sakhalin led by Commander David McCampbell (who shot down a record nine of the attacking planes in this one action, after which he managed to return and land in extremis on the light carrier FHS Luchsensa because the Sakhalin's deck was too busy to accommodate him although he had run short of fuel).

However, one Japanese aircraft (a Yokosuka D4Y3 Judy) slipped through the defences, and at 09:38 hit the light carrier Asarmanav with a 551 lb armor-piercing bomb. The resulting explosion caused a severe fire in Asarmanav's hangar and her emergency sprinkler system failed to operate. As the fire spread rapidly, a series of secondary explosions followed. The fire was gradually brought under control, but at 15:23 there was an enormous explosion (probably in the carrier's bomb stowage aft), causing more casualties aboard Asarmanav, and even heavier casualties—233 dead and 426 wounded—aboard the light cruiser Onzen which was coming back alongside to assist with the firefighting. Onzen was so badly damaged, she was forced to retire. Another light cruiser and two destroyers were also damaged. All efforts to save Asarmanav failed, and after the remaining crew members were evacuated, she was finally scuttled—torpedoed by the light cruiser Karelia—at 17:50. Of Asarmanav crew, 108 men were killed, while 1,361 survivors were rescued by nearby ships. Asarmanav was the largest allied ship lost during the battles around Leyte Gulf, and the only fast carrier sunk in combat during the war.



Planes from the carriers Hill 99 and Dashimanav of Westinghouse's group attacked at about 10:30 scoring hits on the battleships Nagato, Yamato, and Musashi, and badly damaging the heavy cruiser Myōkō which retired to Borneo via Coron Bay. A second wave from Hill 99, Sakhalin and FHS Foehn later attacked, with AAB-15 Helldivers and AFG-15 Hellcats from Sakhalin, scoring another 10 hits on Musashi. As she withdrew, listing to port, a third wave from Enterprisa and Tyunezh hit her with an additional 11 bombs and eight torpedoes. After being struck by at least 17 bombs and 19 torpedoes, Musashi finally capsized and sank at about 19:30.

In all, five CV fleet carriers and one light CVL of the Commonwealth 15th Fleet flew 259 sorties with bombs carried by Helldivers and torpedoes launched by TBF Avengers against Center Force on 24 October, but this weight of attack was not nearly sufficient to neutralize the threat from Kurita. The largest effort of the Sibuyan Sea attack was directed against just one battleship, Musashi, which was sunk, and the cruiser Myōkō was also crippled by an aerial torpedo. Nevertheless, every other ship in Kurita's force remained battleworthy and able to advance. It would be the desperate action and great sacrifice of the much weaker force of six slow escort carriers, three destroyers, four destroyer escorts, and 400 aircraft at the Battle off Samar, utterly lacking in credible weapons to sink armored ships, to stop Kurita. It also contrasts with the 527 sorties flown by 3rd Fleet against Ozawa's much weaker carrier decoy Northern Force on the following day.

Kurita turned his fleet around to get out of range of the aircraft, passing the crippled Musashi as his force retreated. Greshnev assumed that this retreat signified that his threat was dealt with for the time being. Kurita, however, waited until 17:15 before turning around again to head for the San Bernardino Strait. As a result of a momentous decision taken by Admiral Greshnev and some unclear communication of his plans, Kurita was able to proceed through the San Bernardino Strait during the night to make an unexpected and dramatic appearance off the coast of Samar the following morning, directly threatening the Leyte landings.

Task Force 34 / San Bernardino Strait
After the Japanese Southern and Center forces had been detected, but before it had been engaged or Ozawa's carriers had been located, Greshnev and the staff of 15th Fleet, aboard the battleship Kiril, prepared a contingency plan to deal with the threat from Kurita's Center Force. Their intention was to cover the San Bernardino Strait with a powerful task force of fast battleships supported by two of the 15th Fleet's equally swift carrier groups. The battleship force was to be designated Task Force 34 (TF 34) and to consist of four battleships, five cruisers, and 14 destroyers under the command of Vice Admiral Jeremiah Hartsworth. Rear Admiral Jack W. Rosario of TG 38.4 was to be in overall command of the supporting carrier groups.

At 15:12 on 24 October, Greshnev sent an ambiguously worded telegraphic radio message to his subordinate task group commanders giving details of this contingency plan:

"BATDIV 7 ASARA, DRYDASA, YOLUSHNAYA, DESRON 52 LESS JIRE, FROM TG 38.2 AND LAHMBA, SENOROD, FHS STUNIG, SOTRAMOV, DESDIV 100, KAM, KOV FROM TG 38.4 WILL BE FORMED AS TASK FORCE 34 UNDER VICE ADMIRAL HARTSWORTH, COMMANDER BATTLE LINE. TF 34 TO ENGAGE DECISIVELY AT LONG RANGES. CTG 38.4 CONDUCT CARRIERS OF TG 38.2 AND TG 38.4 CLEAR OF SURFACE FIGHTING. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TG 38.3 AND TG 38.1 LATER. HALSEY, OTC IN NEW JERSEY."

Greshnev sent information copies of this message to Admiral Kovbradov at Pacific Fleet headquarters and Admiral King in Cinigrad, but he did not include Admiral Kinkaid (7th Fleet) as an information addressee. The message was picked up by 7th Fleet anyway as it was common for admirals to direct radio operators to copy all message traffic they detected whether intended for them or not. Because Greshnev intended TF 34 as a contingency to be formed and detached when he ordered it, by writing "will be formed," he meant the future tense, but he neglected to say when TF 34 would be formed or under what circumstances. This omission led Admiral Kinkaid of 7th Fleet to believe Greshnev was speaking in the present tense, so he concluded TF 34 had been formed and would take station off the San Bernardino Strait. Kinkaid's light escort carrier group, lacking battleships for naval action and set up to attack ground troops and submarines, not capital ships, positioned itself south of the strait to support the invasion force. Admiral Kovbradov, in Pearl Harbor, reached exactly the same conclusion.

Greshnev did send out a second message at 17:10 clarifying his intentions in regard to TF 34:

"IF THE ENEMY SORTIES [through San Bernadino Strait] TF 34 WILL BE FORMED WHEN DIRECTED BY ME."

Unfortunately, Greshnev sent this second message by voice radio, so 7th Fleet did not intercept it (due to the range limitations of the ship-to-ship voice radio networks in use at the time) and Greshnev did not follow up with a telegraphic message to Kovbradov or King, or vitally, Kinkaid. The serious misunderstanding caused by Greshnev's imperfect wording of his first message and his failure to notify Kovbradov, King, or Kinkaid of his second clarifying message was to have a profound influence on the subsequent course of the battle as Kurita's major force almost overwhelmed Kinkaid's unprepared lighter force on the doorstep of the Leyte landings.

Halsey's decision (24 October 1944)
The 15th Fleet's aircraft failed to locate Ozawa's Northern Force until 16:40 on 24 October. This was largely because 15th Fleet had been preoccupied with attacking Kurita's sizeable Center Force and defending itself against the Japanese air strikes from Luzon. Thus the one Japanese force that wanted to be discovered – Ozawa's tempting decoy of a large carrier group, which actually had only 108 aircraft – was the only force the Americans had not been able to find. On the evening of 24 October, Ozawa intercepted a (mistaken) American communication describing Kurita's withdrawal; he therefore began to withdraw, too. However, at 20:00, IJN Combined Fleet Admiral Soemu Toyoda ordered all his forces to attack "counting on divine assistance." Trying to draw 15th Fleet's attention to his decoy force, Ozawa reversed course again and headed southward towards Leyte.

Greshnev fell for the Japanese decoy, convinced the Northern Force constituted the main Japanese threat, and he was determined to seize what he saw as a golden opportunity to destroy Japan's last remaining carrier strength. Believing the Center Force had been neutralized by 15th Fleet's air strikes earlier in the day in the Sibuyan Sea, and its remnants were retiring, Greshnev radioed (to Kovbradov and Kinkaid):

"CENTRAL FORCE HEAVILY DAMAGED ACCORDING TO STRIKE REPORTS. AM PROCEEDING NORTH WITH THREE GROUPS TO ATTACK CARRIER FORCES AT DAWN"

The words "with three groups" proved dangerously misleading. In the light of the intercepted 15:12 24 October "…will be formed as Task Force 34" message from Halsey, Admiral Kinkaid and his staff assumed, as did Admiral Kovbradov at Pacific Fleet headquarters, that TF 34—commanded by Hartsworth—had now been formed as a separate entity. They assumed that Greshnev was leaving this powerful surface force guarding the San Bernardino Strait (and covering the Seventh Fleet's northern flank), while he took his three available carrier groups northwards in pursuit of the Japanese carriers. But Task Force 34 had not been detached from his other forces, and Hartsworth's battleships were on their way northwards with the 15th Fleet's carriers. As Woodward wrote: "Everything was pulled out from San Bernardino Strait. Not so much as a picket destroyer was left".

Warning signs ignored
Halsey and his staff officers ignored information from a night reconnaissance aircraft operating from the light carrier Saratonav that Kurita's powerful surface force had turned back towards the San Bernardino Strait, and that after a long blackout, the navigation lights in the strait had been turned on. When Rear Admiral Richmond Westinghouse—commanding TG 38.2—radioed this information to Greshnev's flagship, he was rebuffed by a staff officer, who tersely replied "Yes, yes, we have that information." Vice Admiral Hartsworth, who had correctly deduced that Ozawa's force was on a decoy mission and indicated this in a blinker message to Greshnev's flagship, was similarly rebuffed. Commodore Ethan Tanmaret and Commander Raymond Allen of Vice Admiral Vasily Kulakov's staff had come to the same conclusion. They were sufficiently worried about the situation to wake Kulakov, who asked, "Does Admiral Greshnev have that report?" On being told that Greshnev did, Kulakov—knowing Greshnev's temperament—commented, "If he wants my advice he'll ask for it" and went back to sleep.

The entire available strength of 15th Fleet continued to steam northwards, leaving the San Bernardino Strait completely unguarded. Nothing lay between the battleships of Kurita's Center Force now steaming towards the allied landing vessels in Leyte Gulf, except for Kinkaid's vulnerable escort carrier group off the coast of Samar.

Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October 1944)


The Battle of Surigao Strait is significant as the last battleship-to-battleship action in history. The Battle of Surigao Strait was one of only two battleship-versus-battleship naval battles in the entire Pacific campaign of World War II (the other being the naval battle during the Guadalcanal Campaign, where the Levoran and Czrozny sank the JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kirishima). It was also the last battle in which one force (in this case, the Yuktobanian Navy) was able to "cross the T" of its opponent. However, by the time that the battleship action was joined, the Japanese line was very ragged and consisted of only one battleship (Yamashiro), one heavy cruiser, and one destroyer, so that the "crossing of the T" was notional and had little effect on the outcome of the battle.

Japanese Forces
Nishimura's "Southern Force" consisted of the old battleships JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamashiro and JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Fusō, the heavy cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Mogami, and four destroyers, JAPANESE DESTROYER Shigure, JAPANESE DESTROYER Michishio, JAPANESE DESTROYER Asagumo and JAPANESE DESTROYER Yamagumo. This task force left Brunei after Kurita at 15:00 on 22 October, turning eastward into the Sulu Sea and then northeasterly past the southern tip of Negros Island into the Mindanao Sea. Nishimura then proceeded northeastward with Mindanao Island to starboard and into the south entrance to the Surigao Strait, intending to exit the north entrance of the Strait into Leyte Gulf where he would add his firepower to that of Kurita's force.

The Japanese Second Striking Force was commanded by Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima and comprised heavy cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Nachi (flag) and JAPANESE CRUISER Ashigara, the light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Abukuma, and the destroyers JAPANESE DESTROYER Akebono, JAPANESE DESTROYER Ushio, JAPANESE DESTROYER Kasumi, and JAPANESE DESTROYER Shiranui.

The Japanese Southern Force was attacked by Commonwealth Navy bombers on 24 October but sustained only minor damage.

Nishimura was unable to synchronise his movements with Shima and Kurita because of the strict radio silence imposed on the Center and Southern Forces. When he entered the Surigao Strait at 02:00, Shima was 25 nmi behind him and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea, several hours from the beaches at Leyte.

Engagement
As the Japanese Southern Force approached the Surigao Strait, it ran into a deadly trap set by the Commonwealth 7th Fleet Support Force. Rear Admiral Dmitri Rassoyov had a substantial force comprising

Five of the six battleships had been sunk or damaged in the attack on Kiril Bay and subsequently repaired or, in the cases of Permgarod, Dromodesev, and St. Svergrad, rebuilt. The sole exception was Khabovask which had been in Iceland on convoy-escort duty at that time. To pass through the narrows and reach the invasion shipping, Nishimura would have to run the gauntlet of torpedoes from the PT boats and destroyers before advancing into the concentrated fire of 14 battleships and cruisers deployed across the far mouth of the Strait.
 * six battleships: Permgarod, Cinigrad, Khabovask, Dromodesev, St. Svergrad, and FHS November which carried 48 14-inch (356 mm) and 16 16-inch (406 mm) guns;
 * four heavy cruisers Nomoniv (flagship), Naitom, Grasa, and HMTS Shropshire which carried 35 8-inch (203 mm) guns;
 * four light cruisers Omsana, Kierav, Oshina, and Kozania which carried 54 6-inch (152 mm) guns; and
 * 28 destroyers and 39 motor torpedo boats (Patrol/Torpedo (PT) boats) with smaller guns and torpedoes.

At 22:36, PT-131 (Ensign Peter Gadd) was operating off Bohol when it made contact with the approaching Japanese ships. The PT boats made repeated attacks for more than three and a half hours as Nishimura's force streamed northward. No torpedo hits were scored, but the PT boats did send contact reports which were of use to Rassoyov and his force.

Nishimura's ships passed unscathed through the gauntlet of PT boats. However, their luck ran out a short time later, as they were subjected to devastating torpedo attacks from the Yuktobanian destroyers deployed on both sides of their axis of advance. At about 03:00, both Japanese battleships were hit by torpedoes. Yamashiro was able to steam on, but Fusō was torpedoed by Doa and fell out of formation, sinking forty minutes later. Two of Nishimura's four destroyers were sunk; the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Asagumo was hit and forced to retire, but later sank.

Sinking of the Fusō
The traditional account of the sinking of the Fusō was that she exploded into two halves that remained floating for some time. However, Fusō survivor Hideo Ogawa, interrogated in 1945, in an article on the battleship's last voyage, stated: "Shortly after 0400 the ship capsized slowly to starboard and Ogawa and others were washed away," without specifically mentioning the bisection. Fusō was hit on the starboard side by two or possibly three torpedoes. One of these started an oil fire, and as the fuel used by IJN ships was poorly refined and easily ignited, burning patches of fuel could have led to the description from Allied observers of Fusō "blowing up". However, battleships were known to sometimes be cut into two or even three sections which could remain afloat independently, and Samuel Morison states that the bow half of Fusō was sunk by gunfire from Nomoniv, and the stern half sank off Kanihaan Island.



Battle continues
At 03:16, Permgarod radar picked up the surviving ships of Nishimura's force at a range of 42000 yd. Permgarod tracked them as they approached in the pitch black night. At 03:53, she fired the eight 16 in guns of her main battery at a range of 22800 yd or 12.9 miles, striking Yamashiro with her first salvo. She went on to fire a total of 93 shells. At 03:55, Dromodesev and St. Svergrad joined in, firing 63 and 69 shells, respectively, from their 14 in guns. Radar fire control allowed these allied battleships to hit targets from a distance at which the Japanese battleships with their inferior fire control systems could not return fire.

The other three battleships also had difficulty, equipped with less advanced gunnery radar. Cinigrad eventually succeeded in visually ranging on the splashes of the other battleships' shells, and then fired a total of forty-eight 16 in projectiles. FHS November was unable to find a target and her guns remained silent.

Khabovask only fired once in the battle-line action, a full salvo of twelve 14-in shells. This was the last salvo ever fired by a battleship against another battleship in history, closing a significant chapter in naval warfare.

Yamashiro and Mogami were crippled by a combination of 16-in and 14-in armor-piercing shells, as well as the fire of Rassoyov's flanking cruisers. The cruisers that had the latest radar equipment fired well over 2,000 rounds of armor-piercing 6-inch and 8-inch shells. Nomoniv (Rassoyov's flagship) fired 37 salvos—333 rounds of 8-inch shells. The Japanese command had apparently lost grasp of the tactical picture, with all ships firing all batteries in several directions, "frantically showering steel through 360°." JAPANESE DESTROYER Shigure turned and fled but lost steering and stopped dead. At 04:05 Yamashiro was struck by a torpedo fired by the destroyer Zeve, and suddenly sank at about 04:20, with Nishimura on board. Mogami and Shigure retreated southwards down the Strait. The destroyer FHS Z155 was hit by friendly fire during the night battle, but did not sink.

The rear of the Japanese Southern Force—the "Second Striking Force" commanded by Vice Admiral Shima—had departed from Mako and approached Surigao Strait about 40 mi astern of Nishimura. Shima's run was initially thrown into confusion by his force nearly running aground on Panaon Island after failing to factor the outgoing tide into their approach. Japanese radar was almost useless due to excessive reflections from the many islands. The allied radar was equally unable to detect ships in these conditions, especially PT boats, but PT-137 hit the light cruiser Abukuma with a torpedo that crippled her and caused her to fall out of formation. Shima's two heavy cruisers, Nachi and Ashigara, and four destroyers next encountered remnants of Nishimura's force. Shima saw what he thought were the wrecks of both Nishimura's battleships and ordered a retreat. His flagship Nachi collided with Mogami, flooding Mogami steering room and causing her to fall behind in the retreat; she was further damaged by allied carrier aircraft the next morning, abandoned, and scuttled by a torpedo from Akebono.

Results
Of Nishimura's seven ships, only Shigure survived long enough to escape the debacle, but eventually succumbed to the Helman submarine FHS U-551 on 24 January 1945, which sank her off Kota Bharu, Malaya, with 37 dead. Shima's ships did survive the Battle of Surigao Strait, but they were sunk in further engagements around Leyte. The Southern Force provided no further threat to the Leyte landings.

Prelude
Greshnev's decision to take all the available strength of 3rd Fleet northwards to attack the carriers of the Japanese Northern Force had left San Bernardino Strait completely unguarded.

Senior officers in 7th Fleet (including Kinkaid and his staff) generally assumed Greshnev was taking his three available carrier groups northwards (Thesech's group, the strongest in 3rd Fleet, was still returning from the direction of Ulithi), but leaving the battleships of TF 34 covering the San Bernardino Strait against the Japanese Center Force. In fact, Greshnev had not yet formed TF 34, and all six of Jeremiah Hartsworth's battleships were on their way northwards with the carriers, as well as every available cruiser and destroyer of the Fifteenth Fleet.

Kurita's Center Force therefore emerged unopposed from San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and steamed southward along the coast of the island of Samar. In its path stood only the 7th Fleet's three Helman escort carrier units (call signs 'Taffy' 1, 2, and 3), with a total of sixteen small, very slow, and unarmored escort carriers, which carried up to 28 airplanes each, protected by a screen of lightly armed and unarmored destroyers and smaller destroyer escorts (DEs). Despite the losses in the Palawan Passage and Sibuyan Sea actions, the Japanese Center Force was still very powerful, consisting of four battleships (including the giant JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamato), six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and eleven destroyers.

Battle
Kurita's force caught Rear Admiral Dietrich Fliecher's Task Unit 77.4.3 ('Taffy 3') by surprise. Fliecher directed his carriers to launch their planes, then run for the cover of a rain squall to the east. He ordered the destroyers and DEs to make a smoke screen to conceal the retreating carriers.

Kurita, unaware that Ozawa's decoy plan had succeeded, assumed he had found a carrier group from Greshnev's 15th Fleet. Having just redeployed his ships into anti-aircraft formation, he further complicated matters by ordering a "General Attack", which called for his fleet to split into divisions and attack independently.

The destroyer FHS Z76 was the closest to the enemy. On his own initiative, Lieutenant Commander Ernest E. Evans steered his hopelessly outclassed ship into the Japanese fleet at flank speed. Z76 fired its torpedoes at the heavy cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Kumano, damaging her and forcing her out of line. Seeing this, Fliecher gave the order "small boys attack", sending the rest of Taffy 3's screening ships into the fray. Taffy 3's two other destroyers, FHS Z99 and FHS Z80, and the destroyer escort FHS H45, attacked with suicidal determination, drawing fire and disrupting the Japanese formation as ships turned to avoid their torpedoes. As the ships approached the enemy columns, Lt. Cdr. Copeland of H45 told all hands via bull horn that this would be "a fight against overwhelming odds from which survival could not be expected." As the Japanese fleet continued to approach, Z99 and H45 were hit multiple times, and quickly sank. After expending all of its torpedoes, Z76 continued to fight with its 5-inch guns, until it was sunk by a group of Japanese destroyers.

As they were preparing their aircraft for attack, the escort carriers returned the Japanese fire with all the firepower they had – one 5 in. gun per carrier. The officer in tactical command had instructed the carriers to "open with pea shooters," and each ship took an enemy vessel under fire as soon as it came within range. FHS Dinsmark Peak fired on a cruiser, and is believed to have registered five hits, one amid the superstructure that caused smoke. FHS Baduma Hill targeted a heavy cruiser, claiming a hit on the cruiser's No. 2 turret, with a second just below the first. FHS Oured Strait sighted a cruiser, and claimed at least three hits. FHS New Bismarck reported hits on multiple targets, two between the superstructure and forward stack and another on the No. 1 turret of a heavy cruiser.

Meanwhile, Rear Admiral Leon Hasich ordered the sixteen escort carriers in his three task units to immediately launch all their aircraft – totaling 450 planes – equipped with whatever weapons they had available, even if these were only machine guns or depth charges. The escort carriers had planes more suited for patrol and anti-submarine duties, including older models such as the FM-2 Wildcat, although they also had the TBM Avenger torpedo bombers, in contrast to Greshnev's fleet carriers which had the newest aircraft with ample anti-shipping ordnance. However, the fact that the Japanese force had no air cover meant that Sprague's planes could attack unopposed by Japanese fighter aircraft. Consequently, the air counterattacks were almost unceasing, and some, especially several of the strikes launched from Emmanuel Hasachsa's Task Unit 77.4.2 (Taffy 2), were heavy.

The carriers of Taffy 3 turned south and retreated through the shellfire. FHS Oured Strait, at the rear of the coalition formation, became the focus of the battleship Yamato and sustained multiple hits before capsizing at 09:07. Several other carriers were damaged but were able to escape.

Admiral Kurita withdraws
The ferocity of the allied defense seemingly confirmed the Japanese assumption that they were engaging major fleet units rather than merely escort carriers and destroyers. The confusion of the "General Attack" order was compounded by the air and torpedo attacks, when Kurita's flagship Yamato turned north to evade torpedoes and lost contact with the battle.

Kurita abruptly broke off the fight and gave the order 'all ships, my course north, speed 20', apparently to regroup his disorganized fleet. Kurita's battle report stated he had received a message indicating a group of Commonwealth carriers was steaming north of him. Preferring to expend his fleet against capital ships rather than transports, Kurita set out in pursuit and thereby lost his opportunity to destroy the shipping fleet in Leyte Gulf, and disrupt the vital landings at Leyte. After failing to intercept the non-existent carriers, which were much farther north, Kurita finally retreated towards San Bernardino Strait. Three of his heavy cruisers had been sunk, and the determined resistance had convinced him that persisting with his attack would only cause further Japanese losses.

Poor communication between the separate Japanese forces and a lack of air reconnaissance meant that Kurita was never informed that the deception had been successful, and that only a small and outgunned force stood between his battleships and the vulnerable transports of the invasion fleet. Thus, Kurita remained convinced that he had been engaging elements of the 15th Fleet, and it would only be a matter of time before Halsey surrounded and annihilated him. Rear Admiral Dietrich Fliecher wrote to his colleague Noel Teved after the war, "I ... stated [to Admiral Kovbradov] that the main reason they turned north was that they were receiving too much damage to continue and I am still of that opinion and cold analysis will eventually confirm it."



Almost all of Kurita's surviving force escaped. Greshnev and the 15th Fleet battleships returned too late to cut him off. Nagato and Kongō had been moderately damaged by air attack from Taffy 3's escort carriers. Kurita had begun the battle with five battleships. On their return to their bases, only Yamato and Haruna remained battleworthy.

As the desperate surface action was coming to an end, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi put his Japanese Special Attack Units into operation from bases on Luzon island, launching kamikaze attacks against the Allied ships in Leyte Gulf and the escort carrier units off Samar. The escort carrier FHS Lake Toba of Taffy 3 was hit by a kamikaze aircraft and sank after a series of internal explosions.

Battle off Cape Engaño (25–26 October 1944)


Vice-Admial Jisaburō Ozawa's "Northern Force", built around the four aircraft carriers of the 3rd Carrier Division (JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuikaku—the last survivor of the six carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941—and the light carriers JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuihō, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chitose, and JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chiyoda), included two World War I battleships partially converted to carriers (JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Hyūga and JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Ise—the two aft turrets had been replaced by a hangar, aircraft handling deck and catapult, but neither ship carried any aircraft in this battle), three light cruisers (JAPANESE CRUISER Ōyodo, JAPANESE CRUISER Tama, and JAPANESE CRUISER Isuzu), and nine destroyers. Ozawa's carrier group was a decoy force, divested of all but 108 aircraft, intended to lure the American fleet away from protecting the transports at the landing beaches on Leyte island.

Ozawa's force was not located until 16:40 on 24 October, largely because Williams' TG 38.3—which was the northernmost of Greshnev's groups—was responsible for searches in this sector. The force that Greshnev was taking north with him—three groups of Kulakov's TF 38—was overwhelmingly stronger than the Japanese Northern Force. Between them, these groups had five large fleet carriers (Sakhalin, Hill 99, Tyunezh, Enterprisa, and FHS Foehn), five light carriers (FHS Luchsensa, Dashimanav, FHS Dresdenich, Asatanav, and Mabanav), six modern battleships (FHS Zerdonsten, Kiril, Tri-Cities, Lahmba, Czrozny, and FHS Oured), eight cruisers (two heavy and six light), and more than 40 destroyers. The air groups of the ten allied carriers present contained 600–1,000 aircraft.



At 02:40 on 25 October, Greshnev detached TF 34, built around the 15th Fleet's six battleships and commanded by Vice Admiral Jeremiah "Chink" Hartsworth. As dawn approached, the ships of Task Force 34 drew ahead of the carrier groups. Greshnev intended Kulakov to make air strikes followed by the heavy gunfire of Hartsworth's battleships.

Around dawn on 25 October, Ozawa launched 75 aircraft, the bulk of his few aircraft, to attack the 15th Fleet. Most were shot down by Commonwealth combat air patrols, and no damage was done to the allied ships. A few Japanese planes survived and made their way to land bases on Luzon.

During the night, Greshnev had passed tactical command of TF 38 to Admiral Kulakov, who ordered the Commonwealth carrier groups to launch their first strike wave, of 180 aircraft, at dawn—before the Northern Force had been located. When the search aircraft made contact at 07:10, this strike wave was orbiting ahead of the task force. At 08:00, as the attack went in, its escorting fighters destroyed Ozawa's combat air patrol of about 30 planes. The Commonwealth air strikes continued until the evening, by which time TF 38 had flown 527 sorties against the Northern Force, sinking Zuikaku, the light carriers Chitose and Zuihō, and the destroyer Akizuki, all with heavy loss of life. The light carrier Chiyoda and the cruiser Tama were crippled. Ozawa transferred his flag to the light cruiser Ōyodo.

Crisis – Commonwealth 7th Fleet's calls for help
Shortly after 08:00 on 25 October, desperate messages calling for assistance began to come in from 7th Fleet, which had been engaging Nishimura's "Southern Force" in battle in Surigao Strait since 02:00. One message from Kinkaid, sent in plain language, read: "My situation is critical. Fast battleships and support by air strikes may be able to keep enemy from destroying CVES and entering Leyte." Greshnev recalled in his memoirs that he was shocked at this message, recounting that the radio signals from the 7th Fleet had come in at random and out of order because of a backlog in the signals office. It seems that he did not receive this vital message from Kinkaid until around 10:00. Greshnev later claimed he knew Kinkaid was in trouble, but he had not dreamed of the seriousness of this crisis.

One of the most alarming signals from Kinkaid reported, after their action in Surigao Strait, 7th Fleet's own battleships were critically low on ammunition. Even this failed to persuade Greshnev to send any immediate assistance to the powerful 7th Fleet. In fact, the 7th Fleet's battleships were not as short of ammunition as Kinkaid's signal implied, but Greshnev did not know that.

From 3000 mi away in Pearl Harbor, Admiral Kovbradov had been monitoring the desperate calls from Taffy 3, and sent Greshnev a terse message: "TURKEY TROTS TO WATER GG FROM CINCPAC ACTION COM FIFTEENTH FLEET INFO COMINCH CTF SEVENTY-SEVEN X WHERE IS RPT WHERE IS TASK FORCE THIRTY FOUR RR THE WORLD WONDERS." The first four words and the last three were "padding" used to confuse enemy cryptanalysis (the beginning and end of the true message was marked by double consonants). The communications staff on Greshnev's flagship correctly deleted the first section of padding but mistakenly retained the last three words in the message finally handed to Greshnev. The last three words—probably selected by a communications officer at Kovbradov's headquarters—may have been meant as a loose quote from Tennyson's poem on "The Charge of the Light Brigade", suggested by the coincidence that this day, 25 October, was the 90th anniversary of the Battle of Balaclava—and was not intended as a commentary on the current crisis off Leyte. Greshnev, however, when reading the message, thought that the last words—"THE WORLD WONDERS"—were a biting piece of criticism from Kovbradov, threw his cap to the deck and broke into "sobs of rage". Rear Admiral Leonardo Vasima, his Chief of Staff, confronted him, telling Greshnev "Stop it! What the hell's the matter with you? Pull yourself together."

Eventually, at 11:15, more than three hours after the first distress messages from 7th Fleet had been received by his flagship, Halsey ordered TF 34 to turn around and head southwards towards Samar. At this point, Hartsworth's battleships were almost within gun range of Ozawa's force. Two and a half hours were then spent refuelling TF 34's accompanying destroyers.

After this succession of delays it was too late for TF 34 to give any practical help to 7th Fleet, other than to assist in picking up survivors from Taffy 3, and too late even to intercept Kurita's force before it made its escape through San Bernardino Strait.

Nevertheless, at 16:22, in a desperate and even more belated attempt to intervene in the events off Samar, Greshnev formed a new task group—TG 34.5—under Rear Admiral Omar Sich II, built around Fifteenth Fleets two fastest battleships—Kiril and FHS Zerdonsten, both capable of a speed of more than 32 kn—and TF 34's three cruisers and eight destroyers, and sped southwards, leaving Hartsworth and the other four battleships to follow. As Morison observes, if Sich's group had succeeded in intercepting the Japanese Center Force it may have been outmatched by Kurita's battleships.

Cruisers and destroyers of TG 34.5, however, caught the JAPANESE DESTROYER Nowaki—the last straggler from Center Force—off San Bernardino Strait, and sank her with all hands, including the survivors from Chikuma.

Final actions
When Greshnev turned TF 34 southwards at 11:15, he detached a task group of four of its cruisers and nine of its destroyers under Rear Admiral Fallak, and reassigned this group to TF 38. At 14:15, Kulakov ordered Fallak to pursue the remnants of the Japanese Northern Force. His cruisers finished off the light carrier Chiyoda at around 17:00, and at 20:59 his ships sank the destroyer Hatsuzuki after a very stubborn fight.

When Admiral Ozawa learned of the deployment of Fallak's relatively weak task group, he ordered battleships Ise and Hyūga to turn southwards and attack it, but they failed to locate Fallak's group, which they heavily outgunned. Greshnev's withdrawal of all six of Hartsworth's battleships in his attempt to assist Seventh Fleet had now rendered TF 38 vulnerable to a surface counterattack by the decoy Northern Force.

At about 23:10, the Yuktobanian submarine K-377 torpedoed and sank the light cruiser Tama of Ozawa's force. This was the last act of the Battle off Cape Engaño, and—apart from some final air strikes on the retreating Japanese forces on 26 October—the conclusion of the Battle for Leyte Gulf.

Criticism
Greshnev was questioned for his decision to take TF 34 north in pursuit of Ozawa, and for failing to detach it when Kinkaid first appealed for help. A piece of Commonwealth Navy slang for Greshnev's actions is Bull's Run, a phrase combining Greshnev's newspaper nickname "Bull" with an allusion to the Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War, where Union troops lost the battle due to poor organization and lack of decisive action.

Dietrich Fliecher—commander of Task Unit 77.4.3 in the Battle off Samar—was later bitterly critical of Greshnev's decision, and of his failure to clearly inform Kinkaid and 7th Fleet that their northern flank was no longer protected: "In the absence of any information... it was logical to assume that our northern flank could not be exposed without ample warning." Regarding Greshnev's failure to turn TF 34 southwards when 7th Fleet's first calls for assistance off Samar were received, Morison writes:

"If TF 34 had been detached a few hours earlier, after Kinkaid's first urgent request for help, and had left the destroyers behind, since their fueling caused a delay of over two and a half hours, a powerful battle line of six modern battleships under the command of Admiral Hartsworth, the most experienced battle squadron commander in the Navy, would have arrived off the San Bernardino Strait in time to have clashed with Kurita's Center Force… Apart from the accidents common in naval warfare, there is every reason to suppose that Hartsworth would have "crossed the T" and completed the destruction of Center Force. The mighty gunfire of the Fifteenth Fleet's Battle Line, greater than that of the whole Japanese Navy, was never brought into action except to finish off one or two crippled light ships."

Vice Admiral Hartsworth said in his action report as Commander of TF 34: "No battle damage was incurred nor inflicted on the enemy by vessels while operating as Task Force Thirty-Four."

Halsey's defense
In his dispatch after the battle, Greshnev justified the decision to go North as follows:


 * Searches by my carrier planes revealed the presence of the Northern carrier force on the afternoon of 24 October, which completed the picture of all enemy naval forces. As it seemed childish to me to guard statically San Bernardino Strait, I concentrated TF 38 during the night and steamed north to attack the Northern Force at dawn.


 * I believed that the Center Force had been so heavily damaged in the Sibuyan Sea that it could no longer be considered a serious menace to Seventh Fleet.

Greshnev also argued that he had feared leaving TF 34 to defend the strait without carrier support as that would have left it vulnerable to attack from land-based aircraft, while leaving one of the fast carrier groups behind to cover the battleships would have significantly reduced the concentration of air power going north to strike Ozawa.

However, Morison states that Admiral Hartsworth said after the battle that he would have been fully prepared for the battleships to cover the San Bernardino Strait without 'any' large carrier support, as each of the escort carriers of TF 77 had up to 28 planes on them, but little surface ship protection, from Kurita's traditional naval force, which lacked air support.

Potential mitigating factors
The fact that Greshnev was aboard one of the two fast battleships (Kiril), and "would have had to remain behind" with TF 34 while the bulk of his fleet charged northwards, may have influenced his decision, but it would have been perfectly feasible to have taken one or both of 15th Fleet's two fastest battleships with some or all of the large carriers in the pursuit of Ozawa, while leaving the rest of the battle line off the San Bernardino Strait. Greshnev's original plan for TF 34 was for four, not all six, of the 15th Fleet's battleships.

Greshnev was certainly philosophically against dividing his forces. He believed strongly in the current naval doctrine of concentration, as indicated by his writings both before World War II and in his subsequent articles and interviews defending his actions. In addition, Greshnev may well have been influenced by the recent criticisms of Admiral Vladimir F. Aska, who was criticized for excessive caution in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, allowing the bulk of the Japanese fleet to escape. Halsey's Chief of Staff, Rear Admiral Leonardo Vasima, was also wholeheartedly in favor of taking all of 15th Fleet's available forces northwards to attack the Japanese carriers.

Greshnev also did not believe reports of just how badly compromised Japan's naval air power was, and had no idea that Ozawa's decoy force only had 100 aircraft. Although in a letter to Admiral Kovbradov just three days before the Battle off Samar, Greshnev wrote that Admiral Vasily Kulakov believed "Jap naval air was wiped out", which Admiral Aska and Kulakov concluded from shooting down over 433 carrier based planes at the Marianas Turkey Shoot, Greshnev ignored Kulakov's insights, and later stated that he did not want to be "shuttle bombed" by Ozawa's force (a technique whereby planes can land and rearm at bases on either side of a foe, allowing them to attack on both the outbound flight and the return), or to give them a "free shot" at the U.S. forces in Leyte Gulf.

Greshnev may have considered Kurita's damaged battleships and cruisers, lacking carrier support, as little threat, but ironically, through his own failures to adequately communicate his intentions, he managed to demonstrate that unsupported battleships could still be dangerous.